Addiction Cycle Model

The addiction cycle operates through three neurologically distinct stages: binge/intoxication (reward circuit activation via dopamine surges), withdrawal/negative affect (stress system activation producing anxiety and dysphoria), and preoccupation/anticipation (prefrontal cortex compromise producing craving and impaired decision-making). With repeated cycles, the reward system downregulates (tolerance), the stress system upregulates (worse withdrawal), and prefrontal control weakens. George Koob's model shows addiction isn't primarily about pursuing pleasure but about escaping progressively worse negative states. This explains why addicted individuals continue despite negative consequences—they're managing withdrawal, not seeking highs.

When to use it

When a behavior continues despite clearly negative consequences. When trying to understand why 'just stopping' feels impossible. When supporting someone with addictive behavior. When recognizing compulsive patterns in your own tech use, work habits, or consumption.

How it can help

This cycle applies to substance and behavioral addictions alike (social media, gambling, work). Knowledge workers should recognize that compulsive email and news checking follow the same dopamine-withdrawal-craving pattern in milder form. Interrupting any stage breaks the cycle: prevent binge (remove access), manage withdrawal (substitute healthier dopamine sources), reduce preoccupation (environmental redesign). For leaders, recognizing addiction patterns enables compassionate, effective intervention rather than punitive responses.