MODELS
Menu

The encyclopedia

People, books, and breakthrough ideas—connected to the mental models and moves you can use.

Explore the encyclopedia

3,456 entries

Mental Model

Human Factors Engineering

Human factors engineering (ergonomics) designs systems, products, and environments to match human cognitive, physical, and perceptual capabilities and limitations — rather than expecting humans to adapt to poorly designe…

Mental Model

Humanness Principle

A practical approach to human–AI collaboration that preserves meaningful human purpose, context, relationships, accountability, and necessary capability.

Cognitive Move

Hybrid

Combine elements of two or more options into a single new one.

Mental Model

Hydra Effect

The systemic phenomenon where attempting to suppress or destroy a problem MULTIPLIES it—named after the mythological Hydra that grew two heads for every one cut off

Mental Model

Hydration Protocol

A simple behavioral protocol for maintaining adequate hydration throughout the day, addressing the reality that most people are mildly dehydrated without knowing it

Mental Model

Hydration Science Model

Hydration science reveals that even mild dehydration (1-2% body weight loss) impairs cognitive performance, mood, and physical capacity before triggering thirst

Mental Model

Hype Cycle

Gartner’s framework for describing technology expectations and maturity through an innovation trigger, inflated expectations, disillusionment, enlightenment, and productivity

Mental Model

Hyperbolic Discounting

The systematic tendency to prefer smaller, sooner rewards over larger, later rewards—with the preference being disproportionately strong for immediate versus near-future rewards

Mental Model

Hypothesis-Driven Development

The practice of framing business and product decisions as testable hypotheses rather than unquestioned plans

Mental Model

Hysteresis

A system property where the current state depends not just on current inputs but on the path taken to get there—the system's history leaves a residue

Cognitive Move

Hysteresis or persistence rule to prevent oscillation

Set how long a signal must hold, or how far it must recover, before you actually switch modes. It stops one noisy reading from flipping you into a new plan and back, which costs more than either mode.

Mental Model

Idea Meritocracy

A decision-making ideal in which ideas are evaluated through relevant evidence and reasoning rather than status alone

Cognitive Move

Identify irreversible steps

Walk the order you mapped and mark every step you cannot take back once it happens. Those one-way doors constrain the rest: cheap reversible moves can go early and be tested freely, while a step that spends something permanently should wait until it has the information it needs.

Mental Model

Identity Capital Model (Côté)

James Côté's identity capital model frames identity formation as an investment process in late modern societies where identity is no longer ascribed by tradition but must be actively constructed

Mental Model

Identity Foreclosure Pattern (Extended)

Beyond Marcia's developmental concept, this extended model maps how premature identity commitment creates cascading life failures: (1) an identity is adopted early (family expectation, early talent, cultural pressure) wi…

Mental Model

Identity Moratorium

Identity moratorium, from Marcia's identity status framework, describes the state of active exploration without commitment—you're genuinely searching for identity direction, experimenting with alternatives, questioning a…

Mental Model

Identity Negotiation in Relationships

Identity negotiation describes the ongoing process by which individuals in close relationships co-construct and mutually validate (or invalidate) each other's identities

Mental Model

Identity Threat & Coping

Identity threat occurs when an experience or information challenges the integrity, value, or coherence of an individual's self-concept